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  作文機(jī)經(jīng)

  Issue

  "It is necessary for everyone to read poetry,novels,mythology and other types of imaginative literature."

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  題目翻譯

  每個(gè)人都有必要去閱讀詩(shī)、小說(shuō)、神話和其他的幻想類(lèi)的文學(xué)作品。

  提綱解析

  1. 許多想象的作品成為文化的基礎(chǔ)，并一直流傳至今，對(duì)人類(lèi)文明有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響：神化和傳說(shuō)。古希臘羅馬神話，充滿想象，對(duì)以此為基礎(chǔ)并且同樣燦爛悠久的西方文明有著深遠(yuǎn)影響。

  Ancient Greek and Roman myths,are full of imagination,and become the foundation of the western culture which is also gorgeous and old-line.Furthermore,we can find the influences of these myths from today's literature、sculpture、painting、music、and architecture.

  2. 想象的作品展示給人更美好、更純潔unsophisticated的社會(huì)。安徒生童話Andersen is famous for his fairy tales, Ugly Duckling,蘊(yùn)含在其中的同情心sympathy that it implied the ugly duckling、對(duì)于世界的愛(ài) the love for the world the little mermaid、對(duì)誠(chéng)實(shí)、勇敢的美德的歌頌 Emperor's New Suit.

  3. Only imaginative works can provide meaning to historical events—through the use of devices設(shè)備、策略such as symbolism象征主義 and metaphor 隱喻、暗喻。但丁Dante神曲Divine comedy/Divina Commedia, one of the landmarks of world literature. 宣揚(yáng)了個(gè)性解放的思想。基督教精神的最崇高體現(xiàn)，將善與惡視為兩極，互不相容。人要靠信仰而活著。神曲本身是一個(gè)隱喻，從黑暗的森林，到地獄 hell、凈界 limbo/煉獄 purgatory、天堂的過(guò)程，代表由懵懂 ignorant、掙扎 struggle、渴望 thirst for 到救贖 salvation 的歷程 course。但丁希望引導(dǎo)讀者反省人性的罪惡 meditate the evils of human，思索當(dāng)時(shí)混亂的局勢(shì) ponder the chaotic situation at that time，并試著提出解決之道 bring forward a solution，使人達(dá)到幸福之地 blessed place。更深的揭露社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。

  4. not everyone.

  A time is limited, 可以做更有用的事

  B 有的人沒(méi)有條件。如：戰(zhàn)區(qū) war zone 的人民/非洲的挨餓的兒童hungry African children

  We have been brought up with fairy tales, mythologies and science fictions.Imaginative literature is characterized by fancy and illusion, which can inspire our imagination as well as intelligence.

  However, when we immerse in the fantasy contrived by imaginative work, we should also notice its dark side.

  Argument

  The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.

  A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms.Of the advertising firms studied those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper,it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.

  Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

  題目翻譯

  最近一項(xiàng)研究根據(jù)每晚平均睡眠時(shí)間對(duì)300名男性和女性Mentian廣告經(jīng)理需要的睡眠總量與他們公司的成功之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。被研究的廣告公司中，那些報(bào)告每晚需要的睡眠不超過(guò)6小時(shí)的經(jīng)理有較高的利潤(rùn)率和較快的增長(zhǎng)。這些結(jié)果表明，如果一個(gè)企業(yè)想要成功，就應(yīng)該雇傭那些每晚只需要不超過(guò) 6 小時(shí)睡眠時(shí)間的人。

  寫(xiě)一篇回應(yīng)文章，探討上述論據(jù)中明示和/或隱含的假設(shè)，并解釋該論據(jù)如何建立在這些假設(shè)之上;如果這些假設(shè)不合理，會(huì)對(duì)該論據(jù)產(chǎn)生什么影響";

  提煉結(jié)論

  如果一個(gè)企業(yè)想要成功，就應(yīng)該雇傭那些每晚只需要不超過(guò) 6 小時(shí)睡眠時(shí)間的人。

  參考提綱

  1. 作者想通過(guò)這個(gè)研究來(lái)證明睡眠總量和公司的成功有關(guān)聯(lián)，可是他沒(méi)有提及研究是誰(shuí)做的，政府還是個(gè)人。而且300人的樣本數(shù)不夠大，受訪者的男女比例沒(méi)有提及，他們是否具有代表性。研究的問(wèn)題也許有很多個(gè)，僅僅只有一兩個(gè)是有關(guān)睡眠和成功的，得出的結(jié)果不一定具有參考性。

  2. 作者沒(méi)有考慮到一個(gè)企業(yè)要成功，不是只有靠經(jīng)理的，沒(méi)有提及整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的員工在企業(yè)成功中發(fā)揮的作用。

  3. 作者只是調(diào)查了廣告公司的情況，沒(méi)有考慮到其他行業(yè)，無(wú)法令人信服的說(shuō)所有企業(yè)要成功，都要像廣告公司這樣。

  4. 作者沒(méi)有去調(diào)查其他的一些成功的企業(yè)，也許他們的經(jīng)理具有更高的效率，每天睡眠總量超過(guò)6小時(shí)，同時(shí)也有很好的收益。

  填空等價(jià)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. Blake's reputation for weakness is _____: almost all who have worked with him say he is a disciplined, intellectually formidable, and very tough politician.

  A. specious

  B. pervasive

  C. irreversible

  D. trivial

  E. ambivalent

  參考答案：A

  題目解析：A:B 前后構(gòu)成同義解釋關(guān)系，后面說(shuō) Blake 講原則，令人敬畏，所以前面部分填入表示weakness是“不存在”類(lèi)別詞匯。

  2. With the rate of technological (i) _____ accelerating—many people now consider a personal computer (ii) _____ after three years—the question of how to properly dispose of old equipment is no small matter.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. affordability D. outdated

  B. complexity E. familiar

  C. obsolescence F. inestimable

  參考答案：C D

  題目解析：這題的意思是當(dāng)科技過(guò)時(shí)加速時(shí)候，現(xiàn)在很多人都覺(jué)得電腦用三年就過(guò)時(shí)了----對(duì)于如何處置舊的裝置已經(jīng)不是個(gè)小問(wèn)題了。破折號(hào)是進(jìn)一步解釋前面的意思。題目意思看懂了后就能很快選出2個(gè)相近的意思的選項(xiàng)，即是 CD.

  3. It may be that a kind of pendulum is built into United States politics: if a particular interest group scores a major victory, its supporters (i) _____ and its adversaries (ii) _____ their efforts, so that the victory is soon (iii) _____ .

  Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

  A. consider new possibilities D. abandon G. reversed

  B. grow complacent E. redouble H. augmented

  C. become even more focused F. defend I. institutionalized

  參考答案：B E G

  題目解析：Pendulum=n. 鐘擺;搖錘;搖擺不定的事態(tài)

  blank 1：supporter 的 xx 做法或是狀態(tài)會(huì)對(duì) particular interest group 起到一個(gè)負(fù)方向的作用，所以 grow complacent

  blank 2：adversaries 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的xx做法或是狀態(tài)會(huì)對(duì)自己產(chǎn)生正方向的作用，所以只有redouble 加倍努力

  blank 3：那么 particular interest group 的勝利victory就會(huì)失敗，就是負(fù)方向的作用，所以 reversed 推翻, 取消，使倒退, 逆轉(zhuǎn)

  4. Retrofitted with stabilizing devices, some of which _____ its aesthetics,the bridge has been reopened, no longer prone to excessive swaying but not quite the breathtaking structure it originally was.

  A. impair

  B. resist

  C. improve

  D. enhance

  E. restore

  F. compromise

  參考答案：A F

  題目解析：這座橋用了一些穩(wěn)固裝置進(jìn)行翻新以后，其中一些(some of which)【破壞】了它的美觀，這個(gè)橋重新開(kāi)放以后，不再會(huì)傾向于(prone to)像以前那樣過(guò)分的搖晃了，但是也沒(méi)了原本會(huì)令人驚訝嘆服的外觀結(jié)構(gòu)。所以根據(jù)最后 no longer... but not 判斷橋更穩(wěn)固但是犧牲了美觀，因此前面應(yīng)該是負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)，答案為 AF 損壞。resist 對(duì)抗，抵制;improve 提高，改進(jìn); enhance 提高，增加; restore 修復(fù)。

  5. Mr. Hirsch says he will aim to preserve the foundation’s support of _____thinkers, individuals who are going against the trends in a field or an acknowledged set of opinions.

  A. iconoclastic

  B. integrative

  C. doctrinaire

  D. heterodox

  E. dogmatic

  F. synthesizing

  參考答案：A D

  應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇的詞匯是表達(dá)反對(duì)意見(jiàn),跟后面的 against 相呼應(yīng)的詞匯。首先這個(gè)句子個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，所以要找到里面的對(duì)等部分，要么是同義要么是反義，這句里沒(méi)有強(qiáng)烈反義詞匯，所以基本直接斷定同義。再看句子就知道找和 against the trends in a field or an acknowledged set of opinions 同義的詞匯，所以就是 heterodox 和 iconoclastic。

  6. In France cultural subsidies are _____: producers of just about any film can get an advance from the government against box-office receipts,even though most such loans are never fully repaid.

  A. ubiquitous

  B. invaluable

  C. sporadic

  D. scanty

  E. questionable

  F. omnipresent

  參考答案：A F

  題目解析：本題題眼應(yīng)該是 get an advance from the government，所以對(duì)于subsidies的態(tài)度應(yīng)該是正向的，選項(xiàng)中只有 AF 有正向含義。Even though后的負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)有一定的干擾性但是題目中用fully 弱化了這一負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)，而且even though 句子的重點(diǎn)本來(lái)就不在even though 后面是另一句話，也就是producers of just about any film can get an advance這里，尤其是這里的any，已經(jīng)很明顯的暗示了AF。

  數(shù)學(xué)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. Quantity A: The least prime number greater than 24

  Quantity B: The greatest prime number less than 28

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  參考答案：A

  題目解析：prime number = 質(zhì)數(shù)，比 24 大的質(zhì)數(shù)中最小的是 29，比 28 小的質(zhì)數(shù)中最大的是23，因此選 A。

  2. Quantity A：54% of 360

  Quantity B：150

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  參考答案：A

  題目解析：不用去算54%*360，只要知道360的一半是180，A 超過(guò)了，所以比B 大，因此選 A。

  3. When the decimal point of a certain positive decimal number is moved six places to the right, the resulting number is 9 times the reciprocal of the original number. What is the original number?

  參考答案：如果一個(gè)數(shù)的小數(shù)點(diǎn)右移6位，那么結(jié)果將是這個(gè)數(shù)的倒數(shù)的 9 倍.

  設(shè)這個(gè)數(shù)為 x，列出等式：1000000x=9/x，解得 x=0.003

  4. In the xy-plane, a quadrilateral has vertices at (–1, 4), (7, 4), (7, –5), and(–1, –5). What is the perimeter of the quadrilateral?

  A. 17

  B. 18

  C. 19

  D. 32

  E. 34

  參考答案：E

  題目解析：笨辦法是自己畫(huà)坐標(biāo)軸然后計(jì)算，但仔細(xì)觀察四組坐標(biāo)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)各有兩組的某一個(gè)值相同，因此實(shí)際構(gòu)成一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形。最后周長(zhǎng)為 34。

  5. Three pumps, P, R, and T, working simultaneously at their respective constant rates, can fill a tank in 5 hours. Pumps P and R, working simultaneously at their respective constant rates, can fill the tank in 7 hours. How many hours will it take pump T, working alone at its constant rate, to fill the tank?

  A. 1.7

  B. 10

  C. 15

  D. 17.5

  E. 30

  正確答案：D

  題目解析：根據(jù)題目條件，設(shè)三個(gè)泵各自速率為 p,r,t。列出等式：(p+r+t)*5=(p+r)*7，算出 p+r=2.5t，然后設(shè) T 獨(dú)自工作需要時(shí)間為 x，列出等式：(p+r)*7=t*x，代入上個(gè)式子的結(jié)果，x=2.5*7=17.5。

  閱讀邏輯機(jī)經(jīng)

  短篇閱讀

  Ragwort was accidentally introduced to New Zealand in the late nineteenth century and,like so many invading foreign species,quickly became a pest.By the 1920s,the weed was rampant.What made matters worse was that its proliferation coincided with sweeping changes in agriculture and a massive shift from sheep farming to dairying.Ragwort contains a battery of toxic and resilient alkaloids:even honey made from its flowers contains the poison in dilute form. Livestock generally avoid grazing where ragwort is growing, but they will do so once it displaces grass and clover in their pasture.Though sheep can eat it for months before showing any signs of illness,if cattle eat it they sicken quickly,and fatality can even result.

  1. The passage suggests that the proliferation of ragwort was particularly ill-timed because it

  A. coincided with and exacerbated a decline in agriculture

  B. took place in conditions that enabled the ragwort to spread faster than it otherwise would have done

  C. led to an increase in the amount of toxic compounds contained in the plants

  D. prevented people from producing honey that could be eaten safely

  E. had consequences for livestock that were more dramatic than they otherwise would have been

  參考答案：E

  第二句說(shuō) ragwort 的繁殖趕上了新西蘭農(nóng)業(yè)的變化——從養(yǎng)羊到養(yǎng)牛;而最后一句話又說(shuō)這種草對(duì)牛的危害更大，so the proliferation of ragwort was particularly ill-timed。E選項(xiàng)：相比于其他方面，這種草對(duì)家畜的影響更為巨大

  2. The passage implies which of the following about the problems ragwort poses to dairy farmers?

  A. Milk produced by cows that eat ragwort causes illness in humans who drink it.

  B. Ragwort can supplant the plants normally eaten by cattle.

  C. Cattle, unlike sheep, are unable to differentiate between ragwort and healthy grazing.

  參考答案：B

  盡管 A 有可能正確，但是文章里沒(méi)有任何 Support。B 由 Livestock generally avoid grazing where ragwort is growing, but they will do so once it displaces grass and clover in their pasture.支持，C完全超出文章之外。

  長(zhǎng)篇閱讀

  What causes a helix in nature to appear with either a dextral(right-handed,or clockwise)twist or a sinistral(left-handed,or counterclockwise)twist is one of the most intriguing puzzles in the science of form.Most spiral-shaped snail species are predominantly dextral. But at one time, handedness (twist direction of the shell)was equally distributed within some snail species that have become predominantly dextral or,in a few species,predominantly sinistral.What mechanisms control handedness and keep left-handedness rare?It would seem unlikely that evolution should discriminate against sinistral snails if sinistral and dextral snails are exact mirror images,for any disadvantage that a sinistral twist in itself could confer on its possessor is almost inconceivable.But left and right-handed snails are not actually true mirror images of one another.Their shapes are noticeably different.Sinistral rarity might,then,be a consequence of possible disadvantages conferred by these other concomitant structural features.In addition,perhaps left-and right-handed snails cannot mate with each other,having incompatible twist directions.Presumably an individual of the rarer form would have relative difficulty in finding a mate of the same hand, thus keeping the rare form rare or creating geographically separated right- and left-handed populations.

  But this evolutionary mechanism combining dissymmetry,anatomy,and chance does not provide an adequate explanation of why right-handedness should have become predominant.It does not explain,for example,why the infrequent unions between snails of opposing hands produce fewer offspring of the rarer than the commoner form in species where each parent contributes equally to handedness.Nor does it explain why, in a species where one parent determines handedness,a brood is not exclusively right-or left-handed when the offspring would have the same genetic predisposition.In the European pond snail Lymnaea peregra,a predominantly dextral species whose handedness is maternally determined,a brood might be expected to be exclusively right- or left-handed—and this often occurs.However,some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand,and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high.

  Here,the evolutionary theory must defer to a theory based on an explicit developmental mechanism that can favor either right- or left-handedness.In the case of Lymnaea peregra,studies indicate that a dextral gene is expressed during egg formation; i.e.,before egg fertilization,the gene produces a protein,found in the cytoplasm of the egg,that controls the pattern of cell division and thus handedness.In experiments,an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs,but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.One explanation for the differing effects is that all Lymnaea peregra eggs begin left-handed but most switch to being right-handed.Thus the path to a solution to the puzzle of handedness in all snails appears to be as twisted as the helix itself.

  1. The second paragraph of the passage is primarily concerned with offering possible reasons why

  A. it is unlikely that evolutionary mechanisms could discriminate against sinistral snails

  B. sinistrality is relatively uncommon among snail species

  C. dextral and sinistral populations of a snail species tend to intermingle

  D. a theory based on a developmental mechanism inadequately accounts for the predominance of dextrality across snail species

  E. dextral snails breed more readily than sinistral snails, even within predominantly sinistral populations

  參考答案：B

  線索很明顯在第二段. A 選項(xiàng)為誤導(dǎo)選項(xiàng),其與第二段的第一句很像,如果只看這句就做題可能會(huì)被誤導(dǎo)。但題目問(wèn)的是"offering possible reasons" why, 這是第二段中間的Sinistral rarity might....才明說(shuō). 此句說(shuō)造成的 sinistral rarity 這樣的結(jié)果可能是也由下面concomitant structural features 造成, 所以此句當(dāng)然也就是那些 possible reasons 要解釋的。

  2. It can be inferred from the passage that a predominantly sinistral snail species might stay predominantly sinistral for each of the following reasons

  EXCEPT for

  A. a developmental mechanism that affects the cell-division pattern of snails

  B. structural features that advantage dextral snails of the species

  C. a relatively small number of snails of the same hand for dextral snails of the species to mate with

  D. anatomical incompatibility that prevents mating between snails of opposing hands within the species

  E. geographic separation of sinistral and dextral populations

  參考答案：B

  A 選項(xiàng)的理由可在最后一段找到; B,C,D,E 選項(xiàng)的線索都在第二段,但 B 選項(xiàng)是 advantage 'dextral' snails 而不是 sinistral snails. B 中的 structure feature 在文中是用來(lái)解釋右旋比左旋更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。而題目問(wèn)的是,左旋物種一直保持左旋的原因。即,structure feature 可以解釋左旋比右旋少,但是不能解釋為何左旋物種一直保持左旋，所以選 B。

  邏輯閱讀

  The painter Peter Brandon never dated his works, and their chronology is only now beginning to take shape in the critical literature.A recent dating of a Brandon self-portrait to 1930 is surely wrong. Brandon was 63 years old in 1930,yet the painting shows a young, dark-haired man—obviously Brandon,but clearly not a man of 63.

  Which of the following, if justifiably assumed, allows the conclusion to be properly drawn?

  A. There is no securely dated self-portrait of Brandon that he painted when he was significantly younger than 63.

  B. In refraining from dating his works,Brandon intended to steer critical discussion of them away from considerations of chronology.

  C. Until recently, there was very little critical literature on the works of Brandon.

  D. Brandon at age 63 would not have portrayed himself in a painting as he had looked when he was a young man.

  E. Brandon painted several self-portraits that showed him as a man past the age of 60.

  參考答案：D

  文中依據(jù)：1. Brandon在1930年已經(jīng)63歲了。2.畫(huà)像是Brandon年輕時(shí)的樣子。結(jié)論：Brandon的自畫(huà)像不是1930年畫(huà)的。所以，只有假設(shè)“Brandon63 歲時(shí)不會(huì)畫(huà)自己年輕時(shí)的樣子”成立，才能推出結(jié)論。所以正確選項(xiàng) D。

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